从今天开始,我们将进入到语法的学习,今天的内容是英语句子的组成,你将学会组合/构造所有类型的句子,从最简单的句子到长句复杂句。
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《English Sentence Structure》
我们从一个问题开始,在英语中最简单的句子是什么?
如何造一个简单句
每个句子都必须的是什么?
每个句子都需要一个动词。
最简单的英文句子是一个命令,例如:
Run! / Leave! / Work!
当然通常情况句子会再长一些,需要再动词前加上名词,这个名词是主语。例如:
He runs. / She left. / They're working.
你可以看到动词有不同的形态:过去/现在,一般/进行。动词的形态并不会改变句子的结构,主语+动词。
你可能不满足于此,这样的短句子表达内容有限。尝试在结尾加上一些更多的信息,用 He runs. 举例:
添加地点副词:
He runs around the park.
添加时间副词:
He runs every morning.
或者同时添加:
He runs around the park every morning.
添加方式副词:
He runs slowly.
继续下去可以产生很多的句子,虽然你可以使用不同类型的副词,但是还是存在很多的限制。例如,不能添加另外的动词,不能添加形容词,不能添加名词。
这一点很重要,让我们看看如何解决。
补语,接下来?
在英语中,构造一个完整的句子,一个重要的问题是:接下来需要什么?
例如,He runs. 是一个完整的句子,在 runs 之后完全结束了,非常简短,但是正确。
看看下面这些例子:
She likes
He wants
We go
这些都不是完整的句子,因为它们没有完成。这里我们需要知道一个概念 补语
。添加在动词之后,使句子完整。
补语可以有很多不同的形式,名词/动词/形容词/副词 都可以,单词和短语也可以。
让我们来练习一下,用 She likes. 举例,在这里你可以放下手机,尝试一下,写三个句子,完成例句。
欢迎回来,然我们来看一些可能的答案,只是一些可能的建议,还有很多的选择!
She likes strawberries.
She likes swimming.
She likes getting up before the sun rises.
She likes to listen to music while she works.
可以看到,有很多的补语类型,可以使用名词/动名词(动词+ing 表示名词)/动名词短语/to+动词原形。选择非常多,但是依然有限制,只能使用一种选择。
不光第一个动词需要补语,许多词都需要补语,会看一下刚才的一个例子:
She likes getting up before the sun rises.
从技术层面上来说,句子可以是 She likes getting up. 这是一个完整的句子,但是我们不会这样说,为什么?因为这样的表达任何意思,你需要更多的信息,She likes getting up... when? why? how?,需要一个补语来补充含义。
She likes getting up before...
She likes getting up before the sun...
She likes getting up before the sun rises.
现在你学会构造简单的句子了。
在句子中添加描述
从一个例子开始:
He wants...
你可以停下来想一想,完成这个句子,用三种不同的方式。
欢迎回来,这里是我们的建议。
He wants to buy a car.
接下来用形容词和副词添加一些描述。
可以添加一些形容词,例如:
He wants to buy a new car.
He wants to buy a second-hand car.
He wants to buy a bright red car.
也可以添加副词:
Apparently, he wants to buy a new car.
He wants to buy a second-head car next month.
He wants to buy a bright red car for his new girlfriend.
这里有个需要注意的地方,使用形容词和副词不会改变句子的完整性。
接下来我们看看,如何用简单句联合成复杂句。
如何用独立的从句构造复杂句
首先我们来认识几个概念。
连词(conjunction)
将两个句子或者一个句子的两个部分连接起来,例如 and / but / if / although / because / which 都是连词。
复杂句(complex sentence)
由两个或者多个连词连接的部分组成,这些组成部分叫做 从句(clauses)
。
独立从句(independent clause)
表达一个完整的意思,可以独立存在。
非独立从句(dependent clause)
不能独立存在,依赖于句子中的其他独立从句。
不要担心这些新概念,我们会在这个系列中看到很多相关的例子。
Okay, 铺垫做完了,让我们开始看一些例子:
He runs around the park every morning, so he's in pretty good shape.
She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them.
You should write to her and thank her for the present.
这些例子都属于 独立从句 + 连词 + 独立从句,通过这个规则你可以构造很长的句子,例如:
She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them, and she doesn't earn much money, so she has to be careful how much she spends on groceries, and fresh food is generally more expensive than canned or frozen produce, so...
当然这只是一个例子,在现实使用中不是好主意,一般情况下,建议复杂句由两个最多三个从句构成。
如何用非独立从句构造复杂句
先来举个例子:
She's taller than I am.
这个句子通过连词 than 连接,第二个从句 than I am 就是非独立从句。
可以连接非独立从句的连词有 if / because / although / unless / wherever 看例句:
If you're late, I'll leave without you.
He's broke because he spent all his money on beer.
Although she spends a lot of time at work, she doesn't get much done.
I won't do it unless you come with me.
We can meet wherever you want.
当然,也可以调整从句的顺序:
I'll leave without you if you're late.
这里需要注意 if 从句和第二个从句之间的逗号。
另一个类似的结构是关系从句,通过表关系的代词连接 who / which / what 再看例子:
That's the guy who shouted at me.
I have no idea what's going on.
They gave us a cake which was made from dried beetroot.
有时候,连词可以被省略,例如:
He said that he'd be here.
He said he'd be here.
This is the house which I want to live in when I'm rich.
This is he house I want to live in when I'm rich.
这一点不用太担心,如果不确定就不要省略连词,保证不会错。
Review
让我们来 review 一下今天的内容。
你可以构造一个只有一个动词的句子
Work!
你可以添加主语和补语完成一个简单句
She works in a zoo.
你可以用形容词和副词添加描述信息
Apparently, she works in a private zoo.
你可以用连词连接两个从句来构造一个复杂句
Apparently, she works in a private zoo, so she must know a lot about animals.
你可以添加很多的从句来构造复杂句
Apparently, she works in a private zoo, so she must know a lot about animals, which surprises me because as far as I know she studied economics at university, although I guess I could be remembering it wrong.
这是一个很大的主题,需要你花费很多的时间去学习/练习。学习连词并且应用,帮助你构造清晰正确的复杂句。关系从句是另一个有用的主题,正确的在复杂句中表达你的观点。另外,动词补语也是一个好的主题,学习那些结构可以连接在动词之后,熟记一些补语可以帮助你回答 接下来? 的问题。
希望对你有用,感谢阅读,明天见!
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