英语动词时态

2019/5/18 posted in  English comments

你可以分清楚一般/完成/进行时态吗?你知道英语中有多少中动词时态吗?动词时态前导介绍。

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《English Verb Tenses》

动词形态总览

在英语中动词形态有两个部分

第一个部分是动作发生的 时间(time) 分为 过去(past) / 现在(present) / 将来(future)

第二部分是动作占有时间状态 体(aspect) 分为 一般(simple) / 进行(continuous) / 完成(perfect) / 完成进行(perfect continuous)

通过上面的两部分组合,可以得到 12 种不同的组合:

Past Present Future
Simple Past simple Present simple Future simple
Continuous Past continuous Present continuous Future continuous
Perfect Past perfect Present perfect Future perfect
Perfect continuous Past perfect continuous Present perfect continuous Future perfect continuous

先来一组例句,看看你对时态的了解:

  1. I was having dinner this time yesterday.
  2. He's been sitting there for hours.
  3. Where will you be next week?

你知道上面三个句子的时态吗?让我们来一起看一下:

  1. 过去进行时(past continuous)
  2. 现在完成进行时(present perfect continuous)
  3. 一般将来时(future simple)

你不需要记住所有的组合,你应该它们的组成部分 timeaspect ,接下来我们进入到细节。

过去,现在和将来

虽说时三种时间,但是主要要谈的还是 将来 ,为什么呢?因为每个英语动词都有过去和现在的形式:

  1. be -- was
  2. do -- did
  3. want -- wanted

所以,将现在时态修改为过去时态,只需要把动词改成过去形态,例如:

  1. I go shopping once a week. -> I want shopping once a week.
  2. She's running in the park. -> She was running in the park.
  3. We haven't seen it yet. -> We hadn't seen it yet.

不管动词的 aspect 是哪一种,只需要改变 time 对应的形式就可以表达动作发生的时间。

看起来很简单,那么 future 呢,动词没有将来时形态,不能通过改变动词的形态表示将来,所以需要在动词前加点什么,例如:

  1. I'll be waiting for you outside the station.
  2. When are you going to tell her?
  3. He might join us later.

可以看到在动词前添加 will / be going to / might 可以表示将来,此外,使用动词现在形态表示将来也很常见,例如:

What are you doing this weekend?

Class starts at 10:00.

划重点,每个动词只有一种过去式形态,一种现在式形态,但是可以有很多种将来式形态。

Simple 动词形态

从例句开始:

  1. I went to Rome last year.
  2. I go to work by bus.
  3. I'll go with you.

以上分别时:past simple / present simple / future simple

同时,simple 描述 单个动作 或者 重复性的动作,例句 1 / 3 描述单个动作发生在过去和将来,例句 2 描述重复动作发生在现在。

通常情况下,一般现在时不能用来表示单个动作,只能用来表示重复性动作。一般过去或者一般将来时可以表示单个动作 或者 重复性动作,例如:

  1. I went to Rome every year until 2012.
  2. I'll go with you on Tuesday and Wednesday, but I can't on Thursday.

Continuous 动词形态

重点来了,先上例句:

  1. I was eating dinner at seven o'clock last night.
  2. I'm eating tuna sandwich.
  3. This time next week, I'll be eating fresh seafood on an island!

首先,所有所有的进行时态使用动词 be + -ing ,例句走一波:

  1. She was telling me a really interesting story.
  2. They aren't helping at all.
  3. It'll be getting dark at five o'clock.

进行时描述的事情时未完成的,而且通常情况下表示一个时间点。

Continuous-tense.png
Continuous-tense.png

所以,当你说 I was eating dinner at seven o'clock last night. 描述,谈论的是一个时刻 seven o'clock , 并且未完成--在这个描述的时刻没有完成 dinner 的动作

Perfect 动词形态

继续,从例句开始:

  1. He hadn't finished speaking.
  2. She's finished all her homework.
  3. We'll have finished everything by Friday.

所有的完成时态使用动词 have 在 过去 / 现在 / 将来 的形态中,在 have 之后使用 过去分词(past participle) 来构造完成时态。

那么过去完成时就是这样:

  1. We hadn't thought about it.
  2. I had never tried miso soup before.

将来完成时:

  1. I'll have finished all by exams by this time next year.

完成时表示什么意思呢?你有看出上面的三个例句有什么共同的联系吗?

完成时连接两个时间点。

例如,He hadn't finished speaking 时过去完成时。描述了在过去的两个时间点连接。

理解这个含义,需要一个更长的例句,更多的信息:

过去完成时

He hadn't finished speaking when everybody started to leave.

Perfect-Verb-Forms-1.png
Perfect-Verb-Forms-1.png

现在完成时

She's finished all her homework.

Present-Perfect-Verb-Form.png
Present-Perfect-Verb-Form.png

将来完成时

We'll have finished everything by Friday.

Future-Continuous-Verb-Form-1.png
Future-Continuous-Verb-Form-1.png

Perfect Continuous 形态

依然从例句开始:

  1. She'd been feeling much better.
  2. We've been waiting for ages.
  3. By the end of the day, we'll have been working without a break for 14 hours.

完成时态的 have + past participle

进行时态的 be + -ing

组合后的完成进行时如何表达,使用 have 的过去/现在/将来形态,加上 been 再加 -ing

have been -ing

I walk through the forest.

你可以将这个句子修改为三种完成进行时:过去/现在/将来。这里可以稍作暂停,尝试一下。

倒计时 5, 4, 3, 2, 1...

  1. I had been walking through the forest.
  2. I have been walking through the forest.
  3. I will have been walking through the forest.

你写对了吗?接下来我们来看一下完成进行时表示的含义:

perfect continuousperfect / continuous 组合而来,所以我们可以分别看一下它们的特点。

perfect 表示连接两个时间点

I had been walking through the forest for hours before I realised I was lost.

连接过去的两个时间点

continuous 表示 未完成 或者 暂时性

  1. 如果你说 She's been feeling much better 可能表示,再她 feeling much better 之前或者之后她感觉不舒服。
  2. 如果是 We're been waiting for ages 意味着等待的事情没有等到,动作 waiting 是未完成的。
  3. By the end of the day, we'll have been working without a break for 14 hours 表达的意思是,在 end of the day 的时候,working 也没有完成。

过去和将来 完成进行时不太常见,偶尔可能会用到。

最后,内容较多,可以多看看文中的图片,回忆每种形态的形式和表示的含义。

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