你可以分清楚一般/完成/进行时态吗?你知道英语中有多少中动词时态吗?动词时态前导介绍。
Learn
Material
动词形态总览
在英语中动词形态有两个部分
第一个部分是动作发生的 时间(time) 分为 过去(past) / 现在(present) / 将来(future)
第二部分是动作占有时间状态 体(aspect) 分为 一般(simple) / 进行(continuous) / 完成(perfect) / 完成进行(perfect continuous)
通过上面的两部分组合,可以得到 12 种不同的组合:
Past | Present | Future | |
---|---|---|---|
Simple | Past simple | Present simple | Future simple |
Continuous | Past continuous | Present continuous | Future continuous |
Perfect | Past perfect | Present perfect | Future perfect |
Perfect continuous | Past perfect continuous | Present perfect continuous | Future perfect continuous |
先来一组例句,看看你对时态的了解:
- I was having dinner this time yesterday.
- He's been sitting there for hours.
- Where will you be next week?
你知道上面三个句子的时态吗?让我们来一起看一下:
- 过去进行时(past continuous)
- 现在完成进行时(present perfect continuous)
- 一般将来时(future simple)
你不需要记住所有的组合,你应该它们的组成部分 time 和 aspect ,接下来我们进入到细节。
过去,现在和将来
虽说时三种时间,但是主要要谈的还是 将来 ,为什么呢?因为每个英语动词都有过去和现在的形式:
- be -- was
- do -- did
- want -- wanted
所以,将现在时态修改为过去时态,只需要把动词改成过去形态,例如:
- I go shopping once a week. -> I want shopping once a week.
- She's running in the park. -> She was running in the park.
- We haven't seen it yet. -> We hadn't seen it yet.
不管动词的 aspect 是哪一种,只需要改变 time 对应的形式就可以表达动作发生的时间。
看起来很简单,那么 future 呢,动词没有将来时形态,不能通过改变动词的形态表示将来,所以需要在动词前加点什么,例如:
- I'll be waiting for you outside the station.
- When are you going to tell her?
- He might join us later.
可以看到在动词前添加 will / be going to / might 可以表示将来,此外,使用动词现在形态表示将来也很常见,例如:
What are you doing this weekend?
Class starts at 10:00.
划重点,每个动词只有一种过去式形态,一种现在式形态,但是可以有很多种将来式形态。
Simple 动词形态
从例句开始:
- I went to Rome last year.
- I go to work by bus.
- I'll go with you.
以上分别时:past simple / present simple / future simple
同时,simple 描述 单个动作 或者 重复性的动作,例句 1 / 3 描述单个动作发生在过去和将来,例句 2 描述重复动作发生在现在。
通常情况下,一般现在时不能用来表示单个动作,只能用来表示重复性动作。一般过去或者一般将来时可以表示单个动作 或者 重复性动作,例如:
- I went to Rome every year until 2012.
- I'll go with you on Tuesday and Wednesday, but I can't on Thursday.
Continuous 动词形态
重点来了,先上例句:
- I was eating dinner at seven o'clock last night.
- I'm eating tuna sandwich.
- This time next week, I'll be eating fresh seafood on an island!
首先,所有所有的进行时态使用动词 be + -ing ,例句走一波:
- She was telling me a really interesting story.
- They aren't helping at all.
- It'll be getting dark at five o'clock.
进行时描述的事情时未完成的,而且通常情况下表示一个时间点。
所以,当你说 I was eating dinner at seven o'clock last night. 描述,谈论的是一个时刻 seven o'clock , 并且未完成--在这个描述的时刻没有完成 dinner 的动作
Perfect 动词形态
继续,从例句开始:
- He hadn't finished speaking.
- She's finished all her homework.
- We'll have finished everything by Friday.
所有的完成时态使用动词 have 在 过去 / 现在 / 将来 的形态中,在 have 之后使用 过去分词(past participle) 来构造完成时态。
那么过去完成时就是这样:
- We hadn't thought about it.
- I had never tried miso soup before.
将来完成时:
- I'll have finished all by exams by this time next year.
完成时表示什么意思呢?你有看出上面的三个例句有什么共同的联系吗?
完成时连接两个时间点。
例如,He hadn't finished speaking 时过去完成时。描述了在过去的两个时间点连接。
理解这个含义,需要一个更长的例句,更多的信息:
过去完成时
He hadn't finished speaking when everybody started to leave.
现在完成时
She's finished all her homework.
将来完成时
We'll have finished everything by Friday.
Perfect Continuous 形态
依然从例句开始:
- She'd been feeling much better.
- We've been waiting for ages.
- By the end of the day, we'll have been working without a break for 14 hours.
完成时态的 have + past participle
进行时态的 be + -ing
组合后的完成进行时如何表达,使用 have 的过去/现在/将来形态,加上 been 再加 -ing
have been -ing
I walk through the forest.
你可以将这个句子修改为三种完成进行时:过去/现在/将来。这里可以稍作暂停,尝试一下。
倒计时 5, 4, 3, 2, 1...
- I had been walking through the forest.
- I have been walking through the forest.
- I will have been walking through the forest.
你写对了吗?接下来我们来看一下完成进行时表示的含义:
perfect continuous 由 perfect / continuous 组合而来,所以我们可以分别看一下它们的特点。
perfect 表示连接两个时间点
I had been walking through the forest for hours before I realised I was lost.
连接过去的两个时间点
continuous 表示 未完成 或者 暂时性
- 如果你说 She's been feeling much better 可能表示,再她 feeling much better 之前或者之后她感觉不舒服。
- 如果是 We're been waiting for ages 意味着等待的事情没有等到,动作 waiting 是未完成的。
- By the end of the day, we'll have been working without a break for 14 hours 表达的意思是,在 end of the day 的时候,working 也没有完成。
过去和将来 完成进行时不太常见,偶尔可能会用到。
最后,内容较多,可以多看看文中的图片,回忆每种形态的形式和表示的含义。